- Find A is causal, rather than random, consequence.
- How do we identify the causes of A?
- How do we justify B is a cause of A?
Pluralist view: formal causes, material causes, efficient causes, deterministic causes, probabilistic causes, correlational causation, causal mechanisms…
Cause: Events or conditions that raise the prior probability of some outcome occurring, under ceteris paribus conditions (Gerring 2005, 169).
Conducting an empirical based study.
How can we know what would have happened?